{"id":3872,"date":"2023-08-12T22:23:57","date_gmt":"2023-08-12T20:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terraplaza.com\/magazin\/?p=3872"},"modified":"2023-09-07T13:11:16","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T11:11:16","slug":"tenebrio-molitor-a-csodabogar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/terraplaza.com\/magazin\/hu\/izeltlabuak-hu\/tenebrio-molitor-a-csodabogar\/3872\/","title":{"rendered":"Tenebrio molitor, a csodabog\u00e1r"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges lisztbog\u00e1r (Tenebrio molitor<\/em>) a rovarok (Insecta<\/em>) oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1ba a bogarak (Coleoptera<\/em>) rendj\u00e9be, a mindenev\u0151 bogarak (Polyphaga<\/em>) alrendj\u00e9be \u00e9s a gy\u00e1szbog\u00e1rf\u00e9l\u00e9k (Tenebrionidae<\/em>) csal\u00e1dj\u00e1ba tartoz\u00f3 faj. N\u00f6v\u00e9nyi k\u00e1rtev\u0151k\u00e9nt tartjuk sz\u00e1mon, mivel nagy vesztes\u00e9geket okoz a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gban, k\u00e1rt tesz a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszt\u00f6meg\u00e9ben \u00e9s t\u00e1p\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9ben. Ezen fel\u00fcl a t\u00e1rolt \u00e9lelmiszereket is fogyasztja, melyeket \u00fcr\u00fcl\u00e9k\u00e9vel, \u00e9s az elpusztult egyedek maradv\u00e1nyaival is szennyez.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A faj vil\u00e1gszerte mindenhol elterjedt, ugyanis az ember valamennyi f\u00f6ldr\u00e9szre behurcolta. Ez al\u00f3l egyed\u00fcl a sarkvid\u00e9kek k\u00e9peznek kiv\u00e9telt. <\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A kifejlett lisztbog\u00e1r kb. a 0,5-2 centim\u00e9teres hossz\u00fas\u00e1got \u00e9ri el. Teste f\u00e9nyes barna, gesztenyebarna vagy fekete sz\u00edn\u0171 lehet. Sz\u00e1rnyfed\u0151in finoman pontozott s\u00e1vok futnak v\u00e9gig, am\u00edg tora egyenletesen pontozott strukt\u00far\u00e1val rendelkezik. Cs\u00e1pjai r\u00f6videk, \u00edzei vaskos jelleg\u0171ek. A kifejlett bog\u00e1r legink\u00e1bb \u00e9jjel akt\u00edv, a term\u00e9szetben a legf\u0151bb t\u00e1pl\u00e1l\u00e9ka a fakorhad\u00e9k [1, 2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mi\u00e9rt csodabog\u00e1r a lisztbog\u00e1r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Napjainkban a m\u0171anyagok a glob\u00e1lis gazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s az emberek mindennapi \u00e9let\u00e9nek szerves \u00e9s nagyon fontos r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezik. Ezen anyagok sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 haszn\u00e1lata szennyez\u00e9si probl\u00e9m\u00e1t okoz, amely a m\u0171anyaghullad\u00e9kok ellen\u0151rizetlen lerak\u00e1sa k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben az \u00f6kol\u00f3giai rendszerekre n\u00e9zve komoly fenyeget\u00e9st jelent.<\/strong> A leboml\u00e1ssal szembeni rendk\u00edv\u00fcli ellen\u00e1ll\u00e1s miatt, ha a m\u0171anyaghullad\u00e9kok egyszer beker\u00fclnek a rendszerbe, akkor tart\u00f3san jelen lesznek. A szem\u00e9t t\u00falnyom\u00f3 t\u00f6bbs\u00e9ge a csomagol\u00e1si \u00e1gazatb\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik, ahol a gy\u00e1rt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n az egyik leggyakrabban haszn\u00e1lt m\u0171anyag t\u00edpus a polisztirol (PS). A PS egy szintetikus arom\u00e1s polimer, amelyet a sztirol monomerb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00edtanak el\u0151. Fontos tudni, hogy nemcsak k\u00f6rnyezetszennyez\u00e9st okoz, hanem toxicit\u00e1sa \u00e9s visszaalakul\u00f3 vegy\u00fcletei miatt is negat\u00edv hat\u00e1ssal van az emberi eg\u00e9szs\u00e9gre, \u00e9s az \u00f6kosziszt\u00e9m\u00e1ra n\u00e9zve is [3]. A hagyom\u00e1nyos m\u0171anyag k\u00f6rnyezetre gyakorolt \u00f3ri\u00e1si vesz\u00e9lye miatt nagyobb figyelmet ford\u00edtanak a biol\u00f3giailag leboml\u00f3 m\u0171anyagokra<\/strong>, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a poli(butil\u00e9n-szukcin\u00e1t) (PBS), a poli(butil\u00e9n-szukcin\u00e1t-co-butil\u00e9n-adip\u00e1t) (PBSA) \u00e9s a polikaprolakton (PCL) [4].\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El\u0151sz\u00f6r 2015-ben pr\u00f3b\u00e1ltak m\u0171anyagot etetni a lisztkukacokkal, amely rendk\u00edv\u00fcl pozit\u00edv eredm\u00e9nyekkel z\u00e1rult: a lisztkukac\/l\u00e1rva k\u00e9pes a PS gyors biol\u00f3giai \u00faton t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 lebont\u00e1s\u00e1ra.<\/strong> A polimermaradv\u00e1nyok a b\u00e9ls\u00e1rban a r\u00e9szleges depolimeriz\u00e1ci\u00f3 \u00e9s oxid\u00e1ci\u00f3 jeleit mutatt\u00e1k. Minden vizsg\u00e1lt PS minta lebomlott \u00e9s apr\u00f3z\u00f3dott, a kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 s\u0171r\u0171 habok a leggyorsabban. A korp\u00e1val \u00e9s PS-al etetett lisztkukacok az \u00e9letciklus minden szakasz\u00e1t befejezt\u00e9k, \u00e9s a m\u00e1sodik gener\u00e1ci\u00f3ban m\u00e9g hat\u00e9konyabban siker\u00fclt az \u00e1llatoknak a PS lebont\u00e1sa, ami megnyitotta az utat a szelekt\u00edv teny\u00e9szt\u00e9s el\u0151tt <\/strong>[5].<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hogyan k\u00e9pesek erre?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az em\u00e9szt\u00e9s sor\u00e1n a lisztkukacok l\u00e1rv\u00e1ik a m\u0171anyagokat CO2<\/sub>-\u00e1 \u00e9s biomassz\u00e1v\u00e1 alak\u00edtj\u00e1k, amit b\u00e9lbakt\u00e9riumaik seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel k\u00e9pesek megtenni.<\/strong> K\u00eds\u00e9rletk\u00e9ppen a kutat\u00f3k a lisztkukacoknak a t\u00e1pkever\u00e9kkel egy\u00fctt antibiotikumot is adtak, amelyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl a gentamicin volt a leghat\u00e9konyabb a lebont\u00f3 k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00fck cs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s\u00e9ben. L\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben a b\u00e9lbakt\u00e9riumok aktivit\u00e1s\u00e1t elnyomta a takarm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s: gentamicinnal d\u00fas\u00edtott t\u00e1pl\u00e1l\u00e9kot (30 mg\/g) kaptak 10 napon kereszt\u00fcl. Ennek eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9ppen a lisztkukacok elvesztett\u00e9k a PS depolimeriz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1nak \u00e9s mineraliz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1nak k\u00e9pess\u00e9g\u00e9t. A vizsg\u00e1latokat k\u00f6vet\u0151 izol\u00e1ci\u00f3 sor\u00e1n kider\u00fclt, hogy a PS lebont\u00e1si folyamat a Exiguobacterium sp.<\/em> miatt lehets\u00e9ges.<\/strong> Ez\u00e9rt a PS-bont\u00f3 b\u00e9lbakt\u00e9riumok jelenl\u00e9te rendk\u00edv\u00fcl fontos, hiszen miattuk megy v\u00e9gbe a biodegrad\u00e1ci\u00f3. Ezek a lisztkukacok k\u00f6z\u00e9ps\u0151 b\u00e9lszakasz\u00e1ban \u00e9lnek. A teny\u00e9szthet\u0151 mikroorganizmusok sz\u00e1ma minden egyes lisztkukac b\u00e9lrendszer\u00e9ben k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 5-6 \u00d7 105 kol\u00f3niak\u00e9pz\u0151 egys\u00e9g (CFU). A getamicinen k\u00edv\u00fcl, a nisztatin \u00e9s az ampicillin is k\u00e9pes elnyomni a b\u00e9lmikrobi\u00f3t\u00e1kat. Az izol\u00e1ci\u00f3s vizsg\u00e1latok sor\u00e1n tal\u00e1ltak k\u00e9t polietil\u00e9n (PE) lebont\u00f3 bakt\u00e9riumt\u00f6rzset is, a Enterobacter asburiae<\/em>-t \u00e9s egy a Bacillus fajt is [5, 6].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egyetemi tanulm\u00e1nyaim sor\u00e1n nekem is alkalmam ny\u00edlt a t\u00e9m\u00e1ban kutatni, amely folyam\u00e1n k\u00e9t k\u00f6z\u00e9piskol\u00e1s tanul\u00f3 konzulense lettem. K\u00f6z\u00f6s munk\u00e1nk sor\u00e1n a polisztirol mellett a poliuret\u00e1nt is vizsg\u00e1ltuk hasonl\u00f3 k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, hasonl\u00f3 eredm\u00e9nyekkel. Arra voltunk k\u00edv\u00e1ncsiak, hogy a polimerek h\u00e1nyad r\u00e9sze bomlik le, \u00e9s h\u00e1nyad r\u00e9sze apr\u00edt\u00f3dik fel. Minden m\u00e9r\u00e9s sor\u00e1n volt egy bizonyos m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171 fogy\u00e1s, gyakorlatilag ez a lebomlott anyag. Ezen fel\u00fcl tov\u00e1bbi m\u00e9r\u00e9seket v\u00e9gezt\u00fcnk az \u00e1llatok \u00e1ltal termelt b\u00e9ls\u00e1ron, amely alapj\u00e1n tiszt\u00e1n meg\u00e1llap\u00edthat\u00f3 volt a marad\u00e9k le nem bomlott polimer jelenl\u00e9te. Eredm\u00e9nyeinket az Orsz\u00e1gos Tudom\u00e1nyos Di\u00e1kk\u00f6ri Konferenci\u00e1n k\u00f6z\u00f6lt\u00fck, ahol a p\u00e1lyamunka fizika, f\u00f6ldtudom\u00e1nyok \u00e9s matematika t\u00e9mak\u00f6rben m\u00e1sodik helyez\u00e9st \u00e9rt el. T\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt vizsg\u00e1lataink eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9ppen kider\u00fclt, hogy kb. egy kilogramm polimer lebont\u00e1s\u00e1hoz, h\u00e1rom kilogramm lisztkukac\/lisztbog\u00e1r l\u00e1rv\u00e1ja sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges. Azonban ez a kapott \u00e9rt\u00e9k egyel\u0151re m\u00e9g ir\u00e1nyad\u00f3, a konkr\u00e9tabb sz\u00e1mok el\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9hez tov\u00e1bbi vizsg\u00e1latok sz\u00fcks\u00e9gesek.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forr\u00e1sjegyz\u00e9k:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/strong> Dr. Endr\u0151di Seb\u0151, Bogarak: B\u00fav\u00e1r zsebk\u00f6nyvek.<\/em> Budapest: M\u00f3ra kiad\u00f3, 1975.
[2]<\/strong> Roland Gerstmeier, Nagy eur\u00f3pai term\u00e9szetkalauz<\/em>, 2. kiad\u00e1s. Budapest: Officina Nova, 1993.
[3]<\/strong> B. T. Ho, T. K. Roberts, \u00e9s S. Lucas, \u201eAn overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach\u201d, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology<\/em>, k\u00f6t. 38, sz. 2, o. 308\u2013320, febr. 2018, doi: 10.1080\/07388551.2017.1355293.
[4]<\/strong> W. L. Filho \u00e9s mtsai.<\/em>, \u201eAn assessment of attitudes towards plastics and bioplastics in Europe\u201d, Science of The Total Environment<\/em>, k\u00f6t. 755, o. 142732, febr. 2021, doi: 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142732.[5]<\/strong> S.-S. Yang \u00e9s mtsai.<\/em>, \u201eBiodegradation of polystyrene wastes in yellow mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus): Factors affecting biodegradation rates and the ability of polystyrene-fed larvae to complete their life cycle\u201d, Chemosphere<\/em>, k\u00f6t. 191, o. 979\u2013989, jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.117.
[6]<\/strong> Y. Yang \u00e9s mtsai.<\/em>, \u201eBiodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests\u201d, Environ. Sci. Technol.<\/em>, k\u00f6t. 49, sz. 20, o. 12080\u201312086, okt. 2015, doi: 10.1021\/acs.est.5b02661.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges lisztbog\u00e1r (Tenebrio molitor) a rovarok (Insecta) oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1ba a bogarak (Coleoptera) rendj\u00e9be, a mindenev\u0151 bogarak (Polyphaga) alrendj\u00e9be \u00e9s a gy\u00e1szbog\u00e1rf\u00e9l\u00e9k (Tenebrionidae) csal\u00e1dj\u00e1ba tartoz\u00f3 faj. N\u00f6v\u00e9nyi k\u00e1rtev\u0151k\u00e9nt tartjuk sz\u00e1mon, mivel nagy vesztes\u00e9geket okoz a mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gban, k\u00e1rt tesz a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyek \u00f6sszt\u00f6meg\u00e9ben \u00e9s t\u00e1p\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9ben. Ezen fel\u00fcl a t\u00e1rolt \u00e9lelmiszereket is fogyasztja, melyeket \u00fcr\u00fcl\u00e9k\u00e9vel, \u00e9s az elpusztult egyedek<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3874,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[143,36,144],"tags":[145,91,146,147,148,153],"class_list":["post-3872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-elesegallat-hu","category-izeltlabuak-hu","category-melyviz-hu","tag-bogarak-hu","tag-izeltlabuak-hu","tag-lisztbogar-hu","tag-lisztbogar-larva-hu","tag-lisztkukac-hu","tag-melyviz-hu"],"yoast_head":"\nTenebrio molitor, a csodabog\u00e1r – TerraPlaza magazin<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges lisztbog\u00e1r (Tenebrio molitor) a rovarok (Insecta) oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1ba a bogarak (Coleoptera) rendj\u00e9be, a mindenev\u0151 bogarak (Polyphaga) alrendj\u00e9be \u00e9s a 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