{"id":7160,"date":"2026-08-18T15:29:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T13:29:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/terraplaza.com\/magazin\/?p=7160"},"modified":"2026-08-18T15:58:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T13:58:18","slug":"imadkozo-saskak-alcazas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/terraplaza.com\/magazin\/hu\/izeltlabuak-hu\/imadkozo-saskak-alcazas\/7160\/","title":{"rendered":"Vir\u00e1gnak, lev\u00e9lnek vagy \u00e1gnak \u00e1lc\u00e1zva: az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k ezer arca"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Van, amelyik egy orchidea szirmai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt szinte elt\u0171nik, m\u00e1s egy elsz\u00e1radt lev\u00e9lre vagy v\u00e9kony \u00e1gra eml\u00e9keztet. Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k vil\u00e1ga j\u00f3val v\u00e1ltozatosabb ann\u00e1l a z\u00f6ld, \u00f6sszekulcsolt fog\u00f3l\u00e1bakkal v\u00e1rakoz\u00f3 rovarn\u00e1l, amely els\u0151k\u00e9nt esz\u00fcnkbe jut r\u00f3luk. Ezek a k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges ragadoz\u00f3k a megt\u00e9veszt\u00e9s, a t\u00fcrelem \u00e9s a vill\u00e1mgyors t\u00e1mad\u00e1s mesterei \u2013 \u00e9s fajaik k\u00f6z\u00f6tt eg\u00e9szen megh\u00f6kkent\u0151 form\u00e1kat tal\u00e1lunk.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ragadoz\u00f3 \u201eim\u00e1dkoz\u00f3\u201d p\u00f3zban<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k nev\u00fck ellen\u00e9re nem a val\u00f3di s\u00e1sk\u00e1k k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak<\/strong>. \u00d6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 rovarrendet alkotnak, a Fog\u00f3l\u00e1b\u00faak (Mantodea)<\/strong> rendet, amely a Dictyoptera<\/strong> nagyobb rokons\u00e1gi k\u00f6r r\u00e9sze. A modern filogenetikai vizsg\u00e1latok szerint – b\u00e1rmilyen meglep\u0151 – k\u00f6zelebbi rokons\u00e1gban \u00e1llnak a cs\u00f3t\u00e1nyokkal \u00e9s a termeszekkel, mint a val\u00f3di s\u00e1sk\u00e1kkal. Saj\u00e1tos ragadoz\u00f3 \u00e9letm\u00f3djuk \u00e9s zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyszerz\u00e9sre m\u00f3dosult fog\u00f3l\u00e1baik azonban eg\u00e9szen k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges megjelen\u00e9st k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6znek nekik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magyar nev\u00fck sokkal ink\u00e1bb jellegzetes testtart\u00e1sukra utal. Er\u0151teljes, zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny megragad\u00e1s\u00e1ra m\u00f3dosult\u00a0fog\u00f3l\u00e1baikat gyakran a test\u00fck el\u0151tt, behajl\u00edtva tartj\u00e1k<\/strong>, mintha im\u00e1ra kulcsoln\u00e1k \u0151ket, innen ered az \u201eim\u00e1dkoz\u00f3\u201d elnevez\u00e9s.\u00a0Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban azonban ez a b\u00e9k\u00e9snek t\u0171n\u0151 p\u00f3z egy ragadoz\u00f3 k\u00e9szenl\u00e9ti \u00e1ll\u00e1sa: a t\u00fcsk\u00e9kkel bor\u00edtott fog\u00f3l\u00e1bak egy pillanat alatt el\u0151relend\u00fclhetnek, ha egy rovar megfelel\u0151 t\u00e1vols\u00e1gba ker\u00fcl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tr\u00f3pusokt\u00f3l Magyarorsz\u00e1gig<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fajaik els\u0151sorban a\u00a0melegebb, tr\u00f3pusi \u00e9s szubtr\u00f3pusi ter\u00fcleteken<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9lnek, \u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az egyenl\u00edt\u0151i Afrika sz\u00e1m\u00edt az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k egyik legfontosabb fajgazdags\u00e1gi k\u00f6zpontj\u00e1nak. Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban ehhez k\u00e9pest j\u00f3val kevesebb fajjal tal\u00e1lkozhatunk, \u00e9s min\u00e9l \u00e9szakabbra haladunk, ann\u00e1l ritk\u00e1bb\u00e1 v\u00e1lnak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Magyarorsz\u00e1g legismertebb \u00e9s egyetlen \u0151shonos<\/strong> k\u00e9pvisel\u0151je az \u00e1jtatos man\u00f3 vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1ska (Mantis religiosa<\/em>)<\/strong>. A felt\u0171n\u0151 z\u00f6ld vagy barn\u00e1s rovar meleg, naps\u00fct\u00f6tte gyepeken, bokros ter\u00fcleteken \u00e9s kertekben is felbukkanhat. Haz\u00e1nkban v\u00e9dett faj<\/strong>, ez\u00e9rt term\u00e9szetes \u00e9l\u0151hely\u00e9r\u0151l nem szabad begy\u0171jteni.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Magyarorsz\u00e1g legismertebb \u00e9s\u00a0egyetlen \u0151shonos\u00a0k\u00e9pvisel\u0151je
az\u00a0\u00e1jtatos man\u00f3 <\/strong>vagy k\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9ges im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1ska (Mantis religiosa<\/em>)<\/strong>.
Fot\u00f3: Dirk.stock.adobe.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Az ut\u00f3bbi \u00e9vekben azonban k\u00e9t \u00fajabb im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3s\u00e1ska-faj is megtelepedett Magyarorsz\u00e1gon: az\u00a0\u00f3ri\u00e1s \u00e1zsiai im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1ska (Hierodula tenuidentata<\/em>)<\/strong>, valamint a j\u00f3val kisebb termet\u0171, mediterr\u00e1n eredet\u0171\u00a0Ameles spallanzania<\/strong><\/em>. A\u00a0Hierodula tenuidentata<\/em>\u00a0hazai terjed\u00e9s\u00e9t egyre t\u00f6bb megfigyel\u00e9s dokument\u00e1lja, m\u00edg az\u00a0Ameles spallanzania<\/em>\u00a0magyarorsz\u00e1gi jelenl\u00e9t\u00e9t \u00e9s szaporod\u00f3 \u00e1llom\u00e1nyait csak nemr\u00e9g igazolt\u00e1k. 1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A vil\u00e1g m\u00e1s r\u00e9szein azonban eg\u00e9szen m\u00e1s arcukat mutatj\u00e1k az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k: az afrikai szavann\u00e1kt\u00f3l az \u00e1zsiai es\u0151erd\u0151k\u00f6n \u00e1t a d\u00e9l-amerikai tr\u00f3pusokig sz\u00e1mtalan \u00e9l\u0151helyet megh\u00f3d\u00edtottak, \u00e9s ennek megfelel\u0151en testform\u00e1ik, sz\u00edneik \u00e9s \u00e1lc\u00e1z\u00e1si strat\u00e9gi\u00e1ik is rendk\u00edv\u00fcl v\u00e1ltozatosak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A megt\u00e9veszt\u00e9s mesterei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k egyik legl\u00e1tv\u00e1nyosabb tulajdons\u00e1ga a testform\u00e1k \u00e9s sz\u00ednek elk\u00e9peszt\u0151 v\u00e1ltozatoss\u00e1ga<\/strong>. Sok faj megjelen\u00e9se szorosan illeszkedik ahhoz a k\u00f6rnyezethez, amelyben \u00e9l: akadnak k\u00f6z\u00f6tt\u00fck v\u00e9kony \u00e1gra eml\u00e9keztet\u0151, fak\u00e9regbe simul\u00f3, sz\u00e1raz levelet ut\u00e1nz\u00f3, moh\u00e1s hat\u00e1s\u00fa vagy \u00e9ppen felt\u0171n\u0151en vir\u00e1gszer\u0171 form\u00e1k. Az \u00e1lc\u00e1z\u00e1s egyszerre seg\u00edtheti \u0151ket abban, hogy elker\u00fclj\u00e9k saj\u00e1t ragadoz\u00f3ikat, \u00e9s abban is, hogy \u00e9szrev\u00e9tlen\u00fcl ker\u00fcljenek zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyuk k\u00f6zel\u00e9be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A szellems\u00e1ska (Phyllocrania paradoxa<\/em>)<\/strong> p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul szinte egy elsz\u00e1radt lev\u00e9l benyom\u00e1s\u00e1t kelti: barn\u00e1s sz\u00edne, szab\u00e1lytalan testkont\u00farja \u00e9s lev\u00e9lszer\u0171 ny\u00falv\u00e1nyai seg\u00edtenek beleolvadni a sz\u00e1raz n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi r\u00e9szek k\u00f6z\u00e9. A Deroplatys<\/em> nemzets\u00e9g tagjai ugyanezt a strat\u00e9gi\u00e1t m\u00e9g sz\u00e9ls\u0151s\u00e9gesebb form\u00e1ban k\u00e9pviselik, sz\u00e9les, lap\u00edtott test\u00fckkel \u00e9s gy\u0171r\u00f6tt lev\u00e9lre eml\u00e9keztet\u0151 k\u00f6rvonalaikkal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Szellems\u00e1ska<\/strong> (Phyllocrania paradoxa<\/em>), Fot\u00f3: davemhuntphoto.stock.adobe.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Eg\u00e9szen m\u00e1s utat v\u00e1lasztottak a vir\u00e1gokat ut\u00e1nz\u00f3 fajok. A legismertebb k\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fck az\u00a0orchidea man\u00f3 (Hymenopus coronatus<\/em>)<\/strong>, amelynek feh\u00e9res-r\u00f3zsasz\u00ednes sz\u00ednezete, sz\u00e9les potroha \u00e9s sziromszer\u0171 l\u00e1blebenyei egy vir\u00e1g benyom\u00e1s\u00e1t keltik. Megjelen\u00e9se r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul nem csup\u00e1n elrejtheti: vizsg\u00e1latok szerint a vir\u00e1gl\u00e1togat\u00f3 rovarok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra is vonz\u00f3 lehet, \u00edgy a zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny bizonyos esetekben maga k\u00f6zel\u00edtheti meg a mozdulatlanul v\u00e1rakoz\u00f3 ragadoz\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Orchidea man\u00f3 <\/strong>(Hymenopus coronatus<\/em>), Fot\u00f3: S\u00fct\u0151-Nagy Borb\u00e1la<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9s m\u00e9g ezzel sem \u00e9r v\u00e9get a v\u00e1ltozatoss\u00e1g. Az \u00e1gakat ut\u00e1nz\u00f3 fajok hossz\u00fa, keskeny testtel \u00e9s v\u00e9gtagokkal szinte elt\u0171nhetnek a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyzetben, m\u00edg az olyan extravag\u00e1ns fajok, mint az \u00f6rd\u00f6gvir\u00e1g-s\u00e1ska (Idolomantis diabolica<\/em>)<\/strong>, k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges lebenyeikkel \u00e9s mint\u00e1zatukkal eg\u00e9szen m\u00e1s, l\u00e1tv\u00e1nyos form\u00e1j\u00e1t mutatj\u00e1k ugyanennek a megt\u00e9veszt\u0151 \u00e9letm\u00f3dnak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u00d6rd\u00f6gvir\u00e1g-s\u00e1ska <\/strong>(Idolomantis diabolica<\/em>), Fot\u00f3: Cathy Keifer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vill\u00e1mgyors t\u00e1mad\u00e1s, k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges l\u00e1t\u00e1s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k t\u00fcrelmes vad\u00e1szok: gyakran hossz\u00fa ideig mozdulatlanul v\u00e1rakoznak, mik\u00f6zben figyelik a k\u00f6rnyezet\u00fcket<\/strong>. Amikor azonban egy megfelel\u0151 zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny ker\u00fcl el\u00e9rhet\u0151 k\u00f6zels\u00e9gbe, a nyugalmat rendk\u00edv\u00fcl gyors t\u00e1mad\u00e1s v\u00e1ltja fel. T\u00fcsk\u00e9kkel bor\u00edtott fog\u00f3l\u00e1baik<\/strong> el\u0151relend\u00fclnek, majd szinte csapdak\u00e9nt z\u00e1r\u00f3dnak \u00f6ssze a pr\u00e9da k\u00f6r\u00fcl. Vizsg\u00e1latok sor\u00e1n megfigyelt\u00e9k, hogy az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k\u00a0a zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny sebess\u00e9g\u00e9hez \u00e9s t\u00e1vols\u00e1g\u00e1hoz is k\u00e9pesek voltak hozz\u00e1igaz\u00edtani fog\u00f3l\u00e1baik mozg\u00e1s\u00e1t<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ehhez a pontos t\u00e1mad\u00e1shoz k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges l\u00e1t\u00e1s t\u00e1rsul. Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k azon kev\u00e9s gerinctelenek k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartoznak, amelyekn\u00e9l sztereoszkopikus, vagyis t\u00e9rbeli l\u00e1t\u00e1st igazoltak<\/strong>, \u00e9s \u0151k jelentik ennek egyik legjobban vizsg\u00e1lt rovarp\u00e9ld\u00e1j\u00e1t. K\u00e9t \u00f6sszetett szem\u00fck \u00e1ltal l\u00e1tott k\u00e9p k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9geib\u0151l k\u00e9pesek megbecs\u00fclni, hogy egy mozg\u00f3 zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny megfelel\u0151 t\u00e1vols\u00e1gban van-e a t\u00e1mad\u00e1shoz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k nagy, \u00f6sszetett szemei kulcsszerepet j\u00e1tszanak a zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny pontos bem\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9ben.
Fot\u00f3: Mantis_Diabolica.stock.adobe.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u00eds\u00e9rletek szerint els\u0151sorban\u00a0a mozg\u00f3 k\u00e9pr\u00e9szletek v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sait\u00a0<\/strong>hasonl\u00edtj\u00e1k \u00f6ssze a k\u00e9t szem k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, ami k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen j\u00f3l haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 egy mozg\u00f3 rovar helyzet\u00e9nek meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra. Egy k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u201erovar-3D moziban\u201d m\u00e9g apr\u00f3 sz\u00ednsz\u0171r\u0151ket is helyeztek im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k szeme el\u00e9, majd sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes k\u00e9pekkel tesztelt\u00e9k, milyen t\u00e1vols\u00e1gban \u00e9rz\u00e9kelik a virtu\u00e1lis zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyt. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A s\u00e1sk\u00e1k akkor t\u00e1madtak a legnagyobb val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9ggel, amikor a l\u00e1tott k\u00e9p azt jelezte sz\u00e1mukra, hogy a pr\u00e9da k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl\u00a02,5 centim\u00e9terre, vagyis fog\u00e1si t\u00e1vols\u00e1gban van.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

A mozdulatlan v\u00e1rakoz\u00e1s teh\u00e1t csal\u00f3ka: az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1ska k\u00f6zben folyamatosan figyel, felm\u00e9ri a zs\u00e1km\u00e1ny helyzet\u00e9t, \u00e9s csak akkor ind\u00edtja meg fog\u00f3l\u00e1bait, amikor el\u00e9rkezik a megfelel\u0151 pillanat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az \u00e1lca t\u00f6bb mint rejt\u0151zk\u00f6d\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1k \u00e1lc\u00e1ja nem csup\u00e1n arra szolg\u00e1l, hogy elrejts\u00e9k \u0151ket a ragadoz\u00f3k el\u0151l. Lesben \u00e1ll\u00f3 vad\u00e1szk\u00e9nt ugyanilyen fontos el\u0151nyt jelenthet az is, hogy zs\u00e1km\u00e1nyuk ne vegye \u00e9szre \u0151ket id\u0151ben<\/strong>. A n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi r\u00e9szekhez hasonl\u00f3 testforma, sz\u00ednezet \u00e9s mozg\u00e1s \u00edgy egyszerre szolg\u00e1lhat v\u00e9dekez\u00e9sk\u00e9nt \u00e9s vad\u00e1szati strat\u00e9giak\u00e9nt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tal\u00e1n \u00e9ppen ez teszi az im\u00e1dkoz\u00f3 s\u00e1sk\u00e1kat ennyire k\u00fcl\u00f6nlegess\u00e9: vir\u00e1gnak, lev\u00e9lnek vagy \u00e1gnak l\u00e1tszanak, mik\u00f6zben mindv\u00e9gig ugyanazt a c\u00e9lt szolg\u00e1lja ez a megt\u00e9veszt\u0151 k\u00fcls\u0151:\u00a0\u00e9szrev\u00e9tlen\u00fcl kiv\u00e1rni a megfelel\u0151 pillanatot<\/strong>.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forr\u00e1sok: <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/em>: zoologicalbulletin.de<\/a>, zenodo.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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